# Introduction

Welcome to this short book on the basics of FZLang, and thank you for giving this programming language a try.

First, let's talk about what FZLang is and how this book is organized.

## What is FZLang?

FZLang is a programming language with its own toolchain, which includes a compiler and a virtual machine. The compiler checks and compiles source code into a portable file, and the virtual machine runs programs written in FZLang.

This project originally began as a way to learn about building compilers. I (Samsonium) wanted to explore a few questions:

- Why is there a meaningful difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
- How does a program called a compiler understand what I want it to do?
- How does execution of a compiled program work? And how does the process of translating from human-readable code to machine instructions happen?

I've been programming for more than ten years, but had never taken the time to find out!

So this project became a place to experiment and learn more about the foundations of the tools programmers use every day. Along the way, the language began to take shape and develop a philosophy of its own.

Today, I would describe that philosophy as: “Be as convenient as a tool, while always trying to remain predictable.” I imagine every language community wants something similar for its language, but this principle has helped me make choices at important points in the project's development.

### How FZLang handles memory

The question first came up when I introduced stacks to the virtual machine: “A garbage collector, or something else?” Learning how garbage collection works would certainly have been interesting. However, having chosen Java as my first language, I was familiar with its “weight” and runtime behavior. Of course, its garbage collector deserves some of the credit for that.

So instead of a GC, I decided to explore RAII. This led to a simple model for how objects move through a program: when an object is passed as an argument, it is “borrowed” into a nested environment; when returned, it is moved into the parent environment. This approach avoids a GC and, most importantly, gives objects a deterministic lifetime—and therefore more predictable memory use, as far as possible.

In short, FZLang uses scope-based RAII.

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Next: [Getting started](./01_getting-started.md)